Hibiscus moscheutos

Hibiscus moscheutos | Swamp Rosemallow, Musk mallow, 芙蓉葵 (Fu Rong Kui)

Hibiscus moscheutos is a cold-hardy perennial found in wetlands and along the riverine systems of the southeastern United States. Its range extends from Texas to the Atlantic states, northward into southern Ontario. In Canada, it is listed as a species of special concern by the Species at Risk Act. There are multiple sub-species, but taxonomic consensus is lacking in regard to nomenclature.

Hibiscus moscheutos often occurs naturally in large colonies. There are numerous forms and petal colors ranging from pure white to deep rose, most having a maroon center. Flowers are born apically, whereas flowers of the related Hibiscus laevis bloom along the stems.

Hibiscus section Muenchhusia: Hibiscus moscheutos is a member of the North American section Muenchhusia, which is composed of hardy, herbaceous, perennial Hibiscus species. Within section Muenchhusia, there are numerous naturally occuring forms as well as flower colors, ranging from pure white to deep red. Additionally, many cultivars have been released through the years into the nursery trade ―many of these cold-hardy Hibiscus cultivars are hybrids of Hibiscus moscheutos, Hibiscus coccineus, Hibiscus grandiflorus, Hibiscus laevis, Hibiscus palustris and perhaps even Hibiscus dasycalyx. These make an attractive addition to the garden, not only adding visual appeal but also enhancing wildlife value for nectar-feeders and birds. What's more, it now looks like a new era of hybridizing has begun for the cold-hardy Swamp Mallow family. For more infomation, see the following article: "A Blue Flowering Winter-hardy Hibiscus".

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Historial Reference: THE ROSE MALLOWS. The large pink-flowered rose mallow, which grows wild in swamps, and is especially abundant near the coast from Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, was described by Linnaeus under the name of Hibiscus Moscheutos, the name by which it has since been known ; Linnaeus thought there were two related species, and described the other one as Hibiscus palustris, but it has long been understood that the two plants which he had in mind are but forms of the common pink-flowered species. This plant has been under cultivation for a long time, and is one of the most beautiful and desirable of large hardy perennials, growing quite as well in ordinary soil as it does in its natural habitat in swamps, and flowering freely in August and September.

   Journal of the New York Botanical Garden
   Publisher by New York Botanical Garden, 1903

Hibiscus moscheutos 'Luna Red'

'Luna Red' - a true dark red color.

Hibiscus moscheutos | Swamp Rosemallow, Musk mallow, 芙蓉葵 (Fu Rong Kui)

Hibiscus moscheutos is a cold-hardy perennial found in wetlands and along the riverine systems of the southeastern United States. Its range extends from Texas to the Atlantic states, northward into southern Ontario. In Canada, it is listed as a species of special concern by the Species at Risk Act.

There are multiple sub-species of Hibiscus moscheutos, but taxonomic consensus is lacking in regard to nomenclature. Adding to the confusion is the fact that in the US, Hibiscus moscheutos crosses easily with both Hibiscus laevis and Hibiscus dasycalyx, posing a threat to these species by hybridization and encroachment into their respective ranges.

Luna Red is a seed propagated cultivar, appealing because of its compact, well-branched, shrubby habit. It can grow to almost 1m tall and half as wide with flowers up to 15cm across. The Luna series currently contains four colors: ‘Luna Red’ (deep-burgundy red), ‘Luna Blush’ (white with blush-pink rim and dark-red eye), ‘Luna Pink Swirl’ (pink picotee pattern with a dark eye) and ‘Luna White’ (white with large, red eye). This series is ideal for container plantings as well as landscape uses. Once established, Hibiscus moscheutos can tolerate a variety of environmental conditions.

When grown from seed, it can be beneficial to pinch Hibiscus moscheutos (and the other American Hibiscus as well) prior to or shortly after planting in containers. This is generally a tip pinch, removing only the growing point of the plant, and should leave 4-6 leaves on each branch. Pinching increases lateral branching and the total number of flowers produced on each plant.

Hibiscus mutabilis

The plant above may actually be Hibiscus indicus var. 

integrilobus. It has flowers that do not change color.

Hibiscus mutabilis | Confederate Rose, Cotton Rose, 木芙蓉 (Mu Fu Rong), 日語 (Suifuyou), 韓語 (Buyong)

Hibiscus mutabilis is an evergreen shrub or small tree originally from China. Due to its common name in the US —Confederate Rose, some Americans mistakenly believe this attractive Hibiscus to be a native. It was once very common throughout the southern US (The Confederate States of the Civil War era), where it thrives on the gulf coast.

In warmer climates, Hibiscus mutabilis becomes a small tree (up to 4m) with a woody trunk, but in colder climates tends to grow as a multi-trunked perennial shrub. The flowers are either single or double to about 12cm in diameter, typically blooming from summer through fall. One of the defining characteristics of this species (as implied by the latin name mutabilis: changeable) is that upon opening, the flowers are white or pink but gradually change to a dark pink color by evening. In fact, varying shades of flower color can commonly be seen at one time on the same plant.

Hibiscus mutabilis and other closely related Asian Hibiscus species belong to section Venusti. It is reported that hybrids have been produced between the Hibiscus mutabilis and all the species of section Muenchhusia (a group of closely related, hardy, perennial Hibiscus species native to North America), using Hibiscus mutabilis as the seed parent.

Section Venusti: —a group of a half a dozen (or more) species of shrubby Hibiscus from east Asia. The recognized species are: Hibiscus indicus, Hibiscus labordei, Hibiscus leviseminus, Hibiscus makinoi, Hibiscus mutabilis and Hibiscus taiwanensis. Unfortunately, there is limited information available on most of these species, so the defining characteristics are not always clear. Moreover, there is a question as to whether they are specifically distinct enough to warrant species status. With further study, it may become apparent that some of these species would be more accurately placed as subspecies of Hibiscus mutabilis. Hibiscus taiwanensis is similar to Hibiscus mutabilis but has a denser, more compact habit, and single white flowers with a darker (pink) center blotch. The photo above may actually be Hibiscus indicus var. integrilobus. If you can verify ID please contact me. The plant in the photo has flowers that do not change color.

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Historical Reference: Native of the East Indies, China, and Japan. Introduced by Lord Portland in 1690. It had however been cultivated before 1632 at Rome by Father Ferrari, the Jesuit who wrote the treatise " De Cultural Florum;" the seed having been sent him by some monks of his own order, as he says, from the West Indies, where, though not aboriginal, it is much cultivated for the beauty of the flowers, which are usually seen in the double or full state, as with us in our hothouses. We know of no representation of the species in the single-flowered state in any of our popular works, and have been induced to publish the present figure for that reason. On the first appearance of the plant in the gardens of Europe, it attracted much attention by the curious transitions of a corolla, opening in the morning from green to white, about noon beginning to redden, in the evening deepening to a full crimson, then quickly fading.

Ferrari, who has allotted several fine engravings and many pages of description to its illustration, likens the leaves to those of the Vine for size, to the Fig-tree for hue and surface, to the Ivy for the angular incisure of the circumference. It should be observed, that when he says the seeds came from the West Indies, he mentions its appellation as being Fuyo, which is its vernacular one in its native Japan.

   The Botanical register
   By Sydenham Teast Edwards, John Lindley,
   Published by Ridgway, 1821

Hibiscus ovalifolius

The Hawaiian Hibiscus ovalifolius, formerly Hibiscus rockii.

Hibiscus ovalifolius | Lemon-yellow Rosemallow, Kaua‘i Yellow Hibiscus, Ma‘o Hau Hele, Rock’s Kaua‘i Hibiscus

This is a Hibiscus with a history! Formerly and variously known as Hibiscus calyphyllus, Hibiscus calycinus, Hibiscus chrysanthus, Hibiscus rockii or Hibiscus brackenridgei var. kauaiana. The name ovalifolius currently has priority over calyphyllus Cav. (1788), since ovalifolius is based on the older Urena ovalifolia Forssk. (1775). This perennial shrub grows 1 to 2m tall, with a spreading growth habit. It's 13cm flowers are yellow with a deep brownish or crimson eye. Hibiscus ovalifolius blooms from late spring through the summer with flowers that last a few hours. It requires full sun and well-drained soil.

Rock’s Kaua‘i Hibiscus —Hawaiian populations of Hibiscus ovalifolius were originally described as an endemic taxon, formerly known as Hibiscus rockii. There is continuing debate over their status, with some horticulturalists asserting that the Hawaiian population is sufficiently different from African and Madagascan ones that specific rank is warranted (Bornhorst, 1996). I wholeheartedly agree with this view. The most noticeable differences are found in the stems and growth habit: A side by side comparison of the plants I grow shows the Hawaiian Hibiscus ovalifolius to be a more relaxed, sprawling shrub with longer reddish stems as compared with the African variety. Furthermore, the Hawaiian version is almost thornless whereas the African version is not. There is also a slight difference in color —the Hawaiian having lighter yellow flowers, the African with a slightly more vibrant yellow hue.

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Reference: Hibiscus rockii is a low sprawling shrub with large yellow blossoms, and is a variety native to Kaua‘i. It's natural growth habit is shrublike: from 2 to 4 feet tall. It is sometimes found in old kamaaina gardens on Kaua‘i and the other islands. For some scientists, this is evidence that it is a naturalized species. However, we grew the Kaua‘i plant next to the African Hibiscus calyphyllus in the Honolulu Botanical Gardens, and we found them to be distinct and different. The Kaua‘i variety is much prettier, with larger flowers, a more manageable growth habit, an fewer prickles on the base of the flower and along the leaves.

   Growing Native Hawaiian Plants: A How-to Guide for the Gardener
   By Heidi Leianuenue Bornhorst
   Published by Bess Press, 2005


Historical Reference: Hibiscus calycinus.—This Hibiscus, also known as H. chrysanthus, is one of the shrubby members of the genus, and in the temperature of a warm greenhouse it grows well and flowers freely even in a small state. It is of a good branching habit of growth, clothed with rather pale green leaves, which, as well as the young shoots, are covered with hairs. The flowers, which are freely borne towards the ends of the shoots, are each nearly 3 inches in diameter and of a sulphur-yellow colour, with a large purplish brown blotch at the base of each petal, thus forming a dark coloured eye. The flowers, though somewhat campanulate in shape, as in many of the different kinds of Hibiscus, are produced in nearly an upright manner. This Hibiscus is very readily propagated from cuttings of the young growing shoots put in at any time during the spring and early summer months. Plants so obtained will flower in the autumn, but older specimens yield the best display of blooms. The individual blooms, as in most of the others, do not last long, but a succession is kept up for some time. As with many thin hairy-leaved plants, the greatest enemy to contend with is red spider, especially during a hot, dry summer.—T.

   The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening, Volume 50
   By William Robinson
   Published 1896

Hibiscus palustris

Hibiscus palustris. The pink form is more common
than the white flowered Hibiscus palustris forma peckii. 

Hibiscus palustris | Crimson-eyed Rose-mallow, Swamp Rose-mallow, Mallow-rose

Hibiscus palustris is another north American member of section Muenchhusia, which is composed of hardy, herbaceous, perennial Hibiscus species. The 5 recognized species are Hibiscus coccineus, Hibiscus dasycalyx, Hibiscus grandiflorus, Hibiscus laevis and Hibiscus moscheutos. Both Hibiscus lasiocarpos and Hibiscus palustris can be split from Hibiscus moscheutos. There is ongoing debate among taxonomists regarding the status of Hibiscus moscheutos and Hibiscus palustris —some recognize two separate species based on characteristics such as shape of seed capsule and leaves, and pubescence of the branches.

Although Hibiscus palustris is found naturally in marshes or pond edges, this striking perennial will grow well in garden soil that is not too dry. It starts to grow late in the spring and eventually makes a big clump which can live for years. Blooms cluster on branch tips from mid-summer to fall. The more common form of Hibiscus palustris has large pink flowers. Hibiscus palustris forma peckii has large white flowers with a red eye.

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Historical Reference: SWAMP ROSE MALLOW. HIBISCUS, Hibiscus palustris. A perennial plant, native of the swamps of North America, from Canada to Carolina, which it adorns with its fine rosy blossoms. It was one of the first species introduced from the New World ; and yet it is very rarely cultivated in this country, because it seldom or never flowers in the open border, where, being quite hardy, it is usually placed. This is, we believe, owing to the general lowness of our isothermal temperature. Mr. Colvill, with whom it has now flowered, informs us, that not knowing of what country his plant was native, and finding that in a Greenhouse it did not thrive, he put it in a stove, when it at length unfolded its magnificent blossoms.We suppose it is possible to increase it either by division of its perennial root, or by cuttings, although its soft annual stem is but ill adapted to the latter operation. Its seeds may be procured abundantly from North America, and are, in fact, often imported for sale along with other American productions.With our wild specimens-from South Carolina, gathered by the late Mr. Frazer, the Garden plant agrees sufficiently. Cavanilles says his flowers in the Garden at Madrid had a yellowish white colour; but Pursh, and all other authors, describe them as purple or rosy red.

   Edwards's botanical register, Volumes 1-18
   J. Lindley
   Ridgway, 1831

Hibiscus panduriformis

Hibiscus panduriformis | Yellow Hibiscus

Hibiscus panduriformis is a shrubby perennial, up to 2.5m, with a woody base. The leaves are almost round in outline, shallowly 3-5-lobed, hairy on both surfaces, with irregularly toothed margins. Flowers are yellow with a dark center, turning apricot-orange with age. This species can be found growing in dry sandy places, often in places of old cultivation and disturbed areas throughout tropical Africa, Asia and Australia.

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Reference: Hibiscus panduriformis complex in Australia has been revised. Six species are now recognized, of which one is the widespread H. panduriformis; one, H. austrinus, is based upon H. panduriformis var. australis; and four represent new species, H. apodus, H. calcicola, H. fluvialis, and H. multilobatus. A new variety is recognised in H. austrinus, namely var. occidentalis.

   Blumea - Journal of Plant Geography
   Vol. 50, No 2, July 2005
   by Juswara, L.S.; Craven, L.A.

Historical Reference: Plants principally for Manufactures. Hibiscus panduriformis —Native name on the Mitchell, Bee-allo. A fibrous plant; grows to 10 feet high; scabrous and rough. The bark is stripped, cleaned, and twisted into cordage for bags, nets, and twine; found on the Mitchell.

   The Journal of the Anthropological Institute
   Royal Anthropological Institute, 1884

Hibiscus paramutabilis

Hibiscus paramutabilis | Hardy Chinese Shrub Hibiscus, 庐山芙蓉 (Lu Shan Fu Rong)

Hibiscus paramutabilis is a deciduous Hibiscus with broad green leaves and large, extremely attractive flowers up to 20cm in diameter. Although it is similar in both name and appearance to Hibiscus mutabilis, it is not closely related. Endemic to central China, this species grows to 2m or more in height, often with arching canes. It can be found growing at an elevations from 500-1000m in the provinces of Gangxi, Hunan, and Jiangxi. There are two subspecies recoginzed: Hibiscus paramutabilis var. paramutabilis (formerly Hibiscus saltuarius) and Hibiscus paramutabilis var. longipedicellatus. Hibiscus mutabilis blooms from spring into fall (or until frost), producing flowers over most of the active growing season. This morning as I write from southern California, it is mid December. The day is cool and overcast, but there are 2 large flowers that opened just this morning!

Hibiscus paramutabilis along with Hibiscus syriacus and Hibiscus sinosyriacus form a group of 3 closely related hardy Hibiscus species (section Hibiscus) indigenous to China. According to at least one source, Hibiscus sinosyriacus appears to be genetically close to Hibiscus paramutabilis, but shows slightly more Hibiscus syriacus influence.

Historical Reference: TWO SPECIES OF HIBISCUS FROM CHINA. In reporting in 1920 on a collection of plants in China I stated (Gent. Herb. 87) that "two apparently undescribed species of Hibiscus were taken, and they have been tentatively named, described and illustrated; but further material is awaited." This material is now in hand, and the descriptions follow.

Hibiscus paramutabilis, Kuling -a showy broad-headed small tree, possibly planted. Blume -a tropical shrubby villous plant, probably belongs to the same group; from the present species it is distinguished by cordate strongly toothed leaves, long-pedicelled inclined or pendent flowers, and other characters. I suspect that H. paramulabilis is not confined to China.

Hibiscus sinosyriacus, Kuling -a stout erect shrub, possibly planted. In general habit much like Hibiscus syriacus, but differing markedly in the leaves and the wide calyx-bracts.

Hibiscus syriacus, I took in China at Chikungshan (Hupeh-Honan), said to have been transplanted from the wild; also in temple grounds near Kioshan (Honan), supposedly planted.

   Gentes herbarum
   Liberty Hyde Bailey, Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium
   Published by L.H. Bailey Hortorium of the New York State College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, 1920

Hibiscus pedunculatus

Hibiscus pedunculatus | Pink Hibiscus, Wild Hibiscus, Cape Hibiscus

A native of South Africa and Mozambique, this perennial Hibiscus grows to 2m tall, although mature plants at half that size are more common. This evergreen shrub is covered from spring to autumn with small pink flowers. The species is found naturally on the KwaZulu-Natal coast and the warmer, wetter parts of the SA midlands, at the edges of evergreen forest.

Historical Reference: Hibiscus Pedunculatus, The Long-stalked Cape Hibiscus. Specific Character —Leaves three or five-lobed, obtuse, crenated, hairy. Peduncles axillary, twice as long as the leaves. Corolla campanulate. Description —This is a very ornamental greenhouse plant, which blossoms freely about July; the beauty of its large rose-coloured flowers being greatly enhanced by the dusky green of its foliage. It is an upright shrub, growing about two feet high. The flowers are somewhat campanulate. The plant is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and was introduced in 1812. The flowers appear from May to December.

   Ladies' Flower-garden of Ornamental Greenouse Plants
   Jane Loundon
   Published by William Smith, 1848

Hibiscus phoeniceus

Hibiscus phoeniceus | Brazilian Rosemallow

This petite Hibiscus is found throughout the Carribbean, Central America, and northern South America. It can be found growing on plains, hillside and thickets at lower elevations in the drier parts of Puerto Rico and the West Indies. Small red, pink or white flowers are less than 1.5" in diameter.

Reference: Proposal to reject the name Hibiscus brasiliensis (Malvaceae). The names Hibiscus brasiliensis L. (1763) and H. phoeniceus Jacq. (1776) have long been associated with the same species, widely distributed in the Neotropics. This entity has been called either H. brasiliensis, with Hibiscus phoeniceus in synonymy, or (more commonly) Hibiscus phoeniceus, with Hibiscus brasiliensis rejected as a “nomen dubium” or otherwise excluded. Turns out there is reason aplenty for the confusion: whereas the Linnaean protologue of H. brasiliensis questioningly cited a Plumier plate unequivocally identifiable as the sp. in question, the accompanying description is strongly discordant; moreover, Linnaeus later dropped the plate citation. The present authors have found no specimen in Linnaeus’s herbaria that “corresponds to the description or that can be associated with the name,” leaving the Plumier plate as the only original material available for lectotypification. But rather than “perpetuate the confusion and misapplication that has been engendered” by the prior use of the name H. brasiliensis, the intended application of which “has never been satisfactorily ascertained,” the authors eschew lectotypification and seek to avoid what they see as “a disadvantageous nomenclatural change” by means of this proposal. For members of the Committee, this one may be a tough call; but we are biased here, since Hibiscus phoeniceus is the name used for this species in the soon-to-be-published Manual Malvaceae treatment (by Fryxell).

   Fryxell, P.A. & F.A. Berazain. 2007.

Hibiscus 'Red Flyer'

Hibiscus 'Red Flyer' | Red Flyer Mallow

This is a sterile hybrid between two American natives: Hibiscus coccineus and Hibiscus grandiflorus. The cross produced a towering plant with large flowers. Heterosis is a term used in genetics (aka hybrid vigor). It refers to the increased strength of desireable characteristics in hybrids, and the the potential of obtaining genetically superior offspring by combining the best virtues of each parent —an apt description for 'Red Flyer'! This deciduous plant grows from basal canes up to 3.5m tall, and begins flowering in July continuing through frost.

Reference: When two plant species are crossed, the desirable qualities from each parent suppress the undesirable ones. This is called hybrid vigor, and plant breeders are always looking for new combinations to get it. Plant Delights Nursery in Raleigh, North Carolina, has introduced a new Texas star hybrid named Hibiscus 'Red Flyer.' It's a cross between H. coccineus and another native, Swamp Rosemallow (H. grandiflorus). 'Red Flyer' (H. coccineus x H. grandiflorus) has the Swamp Rose mallow's good trait for insect resistance while the showy foliage and flower form come from the Texas Star. 'Red Flyer' can reach 12 feet in height. It grows best in full sun, prefers moisture, and is a heavy feeder. Expect it to start blooming in mid-July, clear through until first frost. This plant will not self-seed because it is sterile. USDA Hardiness Zones 6-9. AHS Heat Zones 12-1 (estimated)

   Some Like It Hot: Flowers That Thrive in Hot Humid Weather
   By Pamela J. Gartin
   Published by Gibbs Smith, 2007

Hibiscus radiatus

Hibiscus radiatus | Monarch Rosemallow, October Rose, Ruby Hibiscus, Rayed Hibiscus

Hibiscus radiatus, is often called 'October Rose' because of its flowering season in the northern hemisphere. This is one of the 'cannabis leaved' types of Hibiscus as can be seen in the photo. This beautiful Hibiscus can grow to 10' by bloom time and is covered in deep burgundy colored blooms (color may vary). This plant is perennial in USDA zones 9-11 or a self-sowing annual in other zones. Prefers full sun and well drained soil (but will grow in the shade). Also an excellent plant in drought conditions ―it will grow almost anywhere with little care. Caution: In certain areas with favorable conditions, this species becomes weedy. As with many species in Hibiscus section Furcaria, the stems and seed pods have small spines.

Historical Reference: Hibiscus Radiatus, vor. FLORE PURPUREO, (Purple-flowered rayed Hibiscus). — Common in the Calcutta Gardens, but raised from seeds received from Mr. Wilson, superintendent "of the late Botanic Garden at Bath", in the Island of Jamaica. I say late, an awful avalanche of stones having recently overwhelmed the Garden.

   Horticulturist and journal of rural art and rural taste
   edited by Andrew Jackson Downing
   Published 1860

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, double variety
by Gordon Gee, 1956

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Tropical Hibiscus, Chinese Hibiscus, China Rose

I have dedicated a separate page for Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars. Photos will be added in time, as plants come into bloom. Go to: http://hibiscus-malvaceae-rosa-sinensis.blogspot.com

This botanical illustration is the work of Gordon Gee who for 18 years worked at the Christchurch Botanic Gardens as a sign writer. Gordon was employed at the Gardens from 1956 to 1974. During this time he prepared many thousands of labels for plants throughout the conservatories and grounds of the Botanic Gardens together with descriptive signs depicting plants of special seasonal importance. His skill as an artist was recognized and he was encouraged to produce drawings and paintings of specimens at the Gardens.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Cooperi'

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ‘Cooperi’ | Checkered Hibiscus, Sir Daniel Cooper's Hibiscus, ‘Snow Queen’

The popularity of ‘Hibiscus Cooperi’ dates back to the Victorian era. ‘Hibiscus Cooperi’ has showy variegated foliage splashed with various combinations of white, pink and green, as well as a compact growth habit. The red flowers appear at the tips of the branches and are up to 10cm inches across. Pinching out tips of stems in spring and summer helps to increase flower production. There are a number of cultivars often associated with ‘Hibiscus Cooperi’. The plant in the photo at left is ‘Snowflake’. There are also other cultivars, like ‘Snow Queen’, ‘Roseflake’ and ‘Hummels Fantasy’― an even more compact cultivar with lots of white variegation in the leaves.

It appears that there may possibly be some confusion regarding the plant most commonly labeled ‘Hibiscus Cooperi’ in the U.S. As compared with some historical images, it is probable that what is now labeled as ‘Roseflake’ (aka ‘Carnival’), may be closer to the historical descriptions and images of ‘Hibiscus Cooperi’.

Historical Information: The history of this plant is somewhat unclear, but based on scattered bits of information, it is possible this may actually be a naturally occurring species (or subspecies of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis). Apparently, back in the late 1800s, the location of this Hibiscus' homeland was in question —three or more historical references list its origin as New Caledonia, others indicate southern Australia. An old German reference says it was discovered by Sir Daniel Cooper in New Caledonia and introduced by him to England. (Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung, Volume 21, Otto & Mettler,1865). 'Hibiscus Cooperi' is a cold-tender plant, much more so than many other Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars. In my opinion, this lends further support to the claim that it is indigenous to a locale with a more tropical climate than southern Australia (see historical references below).

Historical Reference: Hibiscus Cooperi. Cooper's Hibiscus. (Hibiscus was Virgil's name for the Marsh Mallow.) This is a fine shrub with large scarlet flowers; a native of New Caledonia. The one in Schenley Park is of the variety tricolor. [a. & s.]

   Botanical guide through the Phipps conservatories in Pittsburg and Allegheny
   Gustave Guttenberg
   Printed by Foster, Dick & Co., 1894

Historical Reference: Hibiscus Cooperii, Sir Daniel Cooper's Hibiscus. We cannot be wrong in selecting for a place in this series Hibiscus Cooperii, for it has leaves that are exquisitely beautiful, and in its season it is crowned with gorgeous flowers. he particular subject of this notice is a native of the hottest parts of the Australian continent, where it was first discovered by Sir Daniel Cooper, Bart., of Woollabra, near Sidney, and some time treasurer to the Royal Horticultural Society of London.

The plant is of delicate constitution, but when properly treated grows freely, and is extremely beautiful. The young stems are of a deep red colour, and the footstalks of the leaves, and the stipules that accompany them, are of the same colour. The leaves are lanceolate or elongate-ovate, wedge-shaped at the base, pointed at the apex, irregularly bluntly toothed. They vary considerably in colours, but the prevailingtints are carmine red, with patches of creamy white on the outer parts of the blade, with more or less of light and dark green dappled in the line of the midrib. Numerous as are plants with highly-coloured leaves, we have few that equal this in the abundance and richness of its tones of red. When it flowers, however, surprise must precede admiration, for the flowers are not surpassed in splendour by any other species of this noble family. The flowers usually exceed six inches in diameter; they present no peculiarities of structure, being of the ordinary Hibiscus type, the long narrowish petals being rather widely separated. The colour of the petals is an intense carmine scarlet, but the base of each is blush, which breaks into the scarlet in delicate veins, the centre of the flower being blackish crimson. The plant has at least one defect, and that is extreme shyness in producing flowers: this, however, is a common defect of new plants, owing to their being kept in a constantly growing state, for purposes of propagation. When quite established it will probably flower much more freely than it has done hitherto.

   New and rare beautiful-leaved plants
   Shirley Hibberd
   Published by Bell and Daldy, 1870


Historical Reference: HIBISCUS COOPERI, Le catalogue de M. James Veitch nous apprend que cet arbuste a été rapporté de l'Australie méridionale par sir Daniel Cooper, Bart., et qu'il portera de grandes fleurs rouges. Il aurait été dédié à ce gentilhomme— mais nous ignorons absolument par quel botaniste et nous ne savons dans quel ouvrage il faudrait en puiser la diagnose. Jusqu'à ce que la science ait parlé, nous nous bornerons à dire qu'il nous parait peu probable que la patrie réelle de cette plante soit la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, au climat àpre; elle dérive, selon toute apparence, de quelque contrée autrement favorisée des dieux, la Nouvelle Calédonie par exemple. Cette supposition est plus fondée que l'assertion hasardée de ces exposants, lesquels à défaut du nom réel de la patrie font venir cet Hibiscus qui du Pérou, qui du Japon, points du monde suffisamment distants de Sydney, où sir Cooper l'a embarqué. Il ne saurait d'ailleurs endurer le climat du Japon.

Nous cultivons l'Hibiscus Coopcri en serre tempérée pendant l'hiver. Durant l'été sa place est en plein air, au grand soleil. On remarquera que notre planche a été faite d'après un bien maigre échantillon; bien taillée, bien menée cl touffue, cette plante produit beaucoup d'effet. Sa multiplication par voie de boutures est aussi facile que celle de la plupart de ses congénères. L. VH.

   Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe: annales générales d'horticulture, Volume 15
   L. Van Houtte., 1865

Translation: HIBISCUS COOPERI, The catalog of Mr. James Veitch tells us that this shrub was brought back from South Australia by Sir Daniel Cooper, and that it bears large red flowers. It was dedicated to this gentleman, but we know not by what botanist and we know not which work to draw out the diagnosis. Until science has spoken, we shall simply say that it seems unlikely to us that the real home of this plant is the harsh climate of New South Wales. It derives, apparently, from some otherwise favored land of the gods, New Caledonia, for example. This assumption is more founded than the proposition of these exhibitors, which lacking the actual name of the country this Hibiscus comes from —Peru or Japan, parts of the world distantly remote from Sydney, where Sir Cooper embarked. It also can not endure the climate of Japan.

We grow Hibiscus Cooperi in a temperate glasshouse in winter. During the summer it is placed outdoors in the sun. Note that this illustration was made from a very sparse sample neatly trimmed, acheiving a bushy plant, producing much effect. Its propagation through cuttings is easier than most of its congeners (a member of the same taxonomic genus as another plant or animal). L. VH.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Painted Lady'

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Painted Lady'

I do not grow many of the rosa-sinesis hybrids that are available, however there are a few that have caught my eye: 'Painted Lady' is an unpatented Hibiscus cultivar with single flower form, pink flower color, and a dark red eye. I am interested in finding out more about the heritage of this striking variety.

This photo was taken early one morning, before the flower had completely unfurled.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ‘Fiji Island’

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ‘Fiji Island’

Although ‘Fiji Island’ is currently regarded as an early Hibiscus rosa-sinensis hybrid, it is considered by some to be a "species type" or "near-species type". Unfortunately, due to a dearth of historical information, we know very little about the origin of this stunning Hibiscus, but it is generally presumed that it originated in Fiji or thereabouts. In recent correspondence (2010) with Geoff Harvey of Queensland Australia, Geoff writes: "It may not actually be a hybrid, but rather a species or form, along with 'White Wings', 'Fijian White', 'Fijian Pink', and 'Ruby Rose', found only in Fiji. None of these Hibiscus acquired a botanical description to establish them as official species".

Whatever the case may be, the appearance of ‘Fiji Island’ is quite different from other rosa-sinensis hybrids. The leaves have finely serrated margins and the flower itself is stunning. Fiji Island has 12cm, single, propeller-shaped blooms with dark pink petals, a darker center, and a prominent staminal column. This beautiful Hibiscus reportedly grows to 3m high, however it has a weeping, spreading habit which means a 3m width is more likely. A prolific bloomer and fast growing. One of my favorites!

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'White Wings'

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'White Wings' | 'Hibiscus Wrightii'

'White Wings' is another old cultivar that has large white flowers (with a dark red center eye) and dark green leaves. Its long floral tube is white and pink with red stigma pads. It forms a large, full bush, growing up to 4.5m in height. It is similar to, and often confused with the cultivar ‘White Versicolor’, which has yellow stigma pads rather than red. Many nurseries have these cultivars mislabeled. In the 1950s and '60s, 'White Wings' was commonly sold in the U.S., but it has become increasingly difficult to find. If you find it, it is worth growing!

Historical Information: 'White Wings' is considered by some to be one of the earliest Hibiscus hybrids or possibly a species form. According to Ross Gast, an American Hibiscus enthusiast in the 1960s, the cultivar known as 'White Wings' in the mainland U.S. is the same as 'Hibiscus Wrightii'. It is also known as narrow-petalled 'Fijian White'. In recent correspondence (2010) with Geoff Harvey of Queensland Australia, Geoff writes: "the original 'White Wings' came from Fiji, but was taken to Hawaii over 100 years ago for use in the early breeding program there. It may not actually be a hybrid, but rather a species or form, along with 'Fiji Island', 'Fijian White' (narrow-petalled 'Fijian White'), 'Fijian Pink', and 'Ruby Rose', found only in Fiji. None of these Hibiscus acquired a botanical description to establish them as official species".

Regarding the name 'Hibiscus Wrightii': William Robert Guilfoyle (Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens from 1873-1909), wrote "This I have named 'Hibiscus Wrightii', in honor of Mr. Wright, of Hunter's Hill, Parramatta (New South Wales, Australia) to whom I feel indebted for its discovery, he having visited Pango Bay (Vanuatu), where he saw it some three or four years ago."

Hibiscus schizopetalus

Hibiscus schizopetalus | Coral Hibiscus, Fringed Hibiscus, Japanese Lantern, Skeleton Hibiscus, 吊灯芙桑 , Diao Deng Fu Sang

This is an ornate, double flowered Hibiscus with uniquely shaped flowers. Although it is not native to Japan, its pendulous flowers hang from the branches reminiscent of Japanese lanterns, hence it's common name. It grows as a woody, evergreen shrub to 2m or more, with upright-arching stems. The flowers bloom on long pedicels, blooming best with heat and humidity. The name schizopetalus is derived from the Latin: schizo means split and petalus means petal —in reference to the divided petals of each flower.

This plant was formerly known as H. rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus. Some authorities consider H. schizopetalus a species; others believe it to be a variety of H. rosa-sinensis. Originally thought to be native to east Africa: Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania —now botanists are not sure —it is found in so many places in the tropics and subtropics that no one knows for sure where this plant originated.

Historical Reference: This singular and beautiful plant has attracted much attention, on account both of its horticultural and botanical interest; differing as it does from all other species in the remarkable character of its petals, and yet presenting so many points of resemblance to a world-wide garden favourite whose native country is unknown (the Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis), as to have suggested its specific identity with that plant. The differences, however, between this and H. Rosa Sinensis are a great deal too many and too important to render the idea of this being a sport or variety of that plant tenable. They are, firstly, the petals, which, however, might have originated as a sport; then the pendulous flower, the suppression of the epicalyx, the longer tubular calyx with obtuse lobes; above all, the long fruit with small smooth seeds. I have examined specimens of H. Rosa Sinensis from thirty different localities, and found none approaching R. schizopetalus in any of the above characters. Too much importance should not be attributed to the supposition that the native country of H. Rosa Sinensis is not well known; Loureireiro states that it is indigenous in both China and Cochinchina, and it has certainly been for long cultivated in China, and it occurs in so many of the Pacific Islands as to render it very probable that it is a native of the Pacific; on the other hand, its two nearest allies, the present plant and Hibiscus lililflorus, being natives, the one of East Africa, and the other of the Mascarene Islands, suggests the probability of Africa being the parent country of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.

For the discovery of this fine plant we are indebted to our indefatigable correspondent, Dr. Kirk, H.B.M. Consul at Zanzibar, who found it first in 1874 on the coast hills at Mombasa, in lat. 4° S.; in 1877 at Kilwa, in 7° 40' S.; and, lastly, at Lindi, in 10° S. It grows both in dry rocky slopes and in damp mountain glens, in dense shade, amongst Bignonias, Balsams, and Ferns.

   Curtis's botanical magazine
   Published by Reeve Brothers, 1880

Hibiscus scottii

Hibiscus scottii

Listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List of threatened species, Hibiscus scottii is endemic to the island of Soqotra. The Soqotran Archipelago is a group of islands in the Arabian Sea belonging to Yemen. Hibiscus scottii is a rare species found in a limited area, restricted to the dense semi-deciduous woodlands and granitic slopes of the Haggeher mountains of Soqotra.

Hibiscus scottii can be distinguished by its beautiful vivid yellow flowers, dark stigma pads and a split calyx. This species was named in honor of Robert Scott (1757-1808), an Irish botanist, physician, plant collector, and professor at Dublin's Trinity College.

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Historical Reference: A new Hibiscus (Hibiscus Scottii, figured in the January number of the Botanical Magasine, t. 7816) was in bloom in a house containing Rhododendrons, etc. It is a Socotran plant, with rich yellow flowers, bearing dark- coloured markings at the base; but the flowers were almost closed at the time—the plant was 8 feet high.

   The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects
   Published by Gardeners Chronicle, 1902

Hibiscus splendens

Hibiscus splendens | Hollyhock Tree, Pink Hibiscus

Hibiscus splendens is a large shrub or small tree to 7m. Leaves are covered with a dense velvety texture. The large 3-5 lobed leaves often become simple and narrower toward the top of the plant. Large 20cm blooms are produced in spring and summer. These blooms are soft rose to pale pink with crimson coloring at the base of the petals. The wine-colored anthers and stigmas combine to produce an exquisite flower, hence the name 'splendens' from the latin splendidus (splendid or bright). Hibiscus splendens is grown by many Australian native plant enthusiasts, but it deserves greater popularity since it is an attractive, adaptable species, easily grown in a range of soils and climates, as long as it is sheltered from strong winds. This species naturally occurs in deep gullies and gorges with rich fertile well-drained soil, and can tolerate semi-shaded situations. Hibiscus splendens can be grown from seed sown in spring, or by cuttings taken in autumn.

Historical information: Charles Fraser, the colonial botanist who first found the plant in 1828 and sent seed to the Royal Botanical Gardens in Edinburgh, wrote: 'This I consider King of all Australian plants I have seen. The flowers are the most delicate pink and crimson and literally cover the plant'.

Hibiscus storckii

Hibiscus storckii | Storck's Hibiscus, Sequelu, Aute Tonga

This mysterious species was discovered in 1860 by botanists Dr. Berthold Seemann and Jacob Storck on the Fijian island of Taveuni. In Seeman's "Flora Vitiensis", published in 1865, it was described as a low-growing shrub with pink flowers. Jacob Storck, a German, settled in Fiji and kept a collection of plants from this archipelago. In 1963, an American botanist, Ross Gast, traveled to Fiji but found no trace of Hibiscus storkii, which has since been declared extinct in the wild. Fortunately, Jacob Storck distributed some of his specimens, and it is believed (by some) that this gorgeous hibiscus survived in several collections of various botanical gardens in Europe as well as Australia. There are still doubts however concerning this species authenticity —some botanists maintaining that it is simply a form of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. In 1941, Skovsted theorized that Hibiscus storckii, is actually a primitive form of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (A. Skovsted, a Danish cytologist, made a chromosome count of the species which is reported in "Chromosome Atlas of Flowering Plants" by Darlington and Wiley). To further muddy the waters, some claim that another elusive species, Hibiscus denisonii is actually the same as Hibiscus storckii. Whatever the case, the plant we label today as Hibiscus storckii has definite ornamental value.

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Historical Reference: H. (Ketmia) Storckii. Nomen vernac -Sequelu. Somosomo, Island of Taviuni, growing as underwood like the allied Hibiscus Genevii, Bojer; rare. This is closely allied to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, but I think sufficiently distinct to entitle it to the rank of species. Unfortunately my specimens are not so complete as could be wished, and so prevent a thorough comparison with its nearest ally. I have never seen it cultivated; it is a more straggling shrub than H. rosa-sinensis. The leaves are always more elliptical and less deeply cut on the margin, the segments of the calyx are also somewhat differently shaped, and I have never observed a variety of H. rosa-sinensis with such fine pink-coloured petals. I have named it in honour of my able assistant, Mr. J. Storck, who was with me when we first found it.

   Flora Vitiensis: A Description of The Plants Viti or Fiji Islands
   By Berthold Seemann, PH.D., Published 1865

Hibiscus striatus ssp. Lambertianus

Hibiscus striatus ssp. lambertianus | Striped Rosemallow

Hibiscus striatus ssp. Lambertianus is a North American perennial that is found growing naturally in marshes and ditches throughout various locations in south-eastern Texas. It was formerly known as Hibiscus cubensis. The grayish-green leaves have velvety hairs, the long stems have small spines. This deciduous species dies back in winter, then re-sprouts to produce attractive pinkish-lavender flowers throughout sping and summer. Hibiscus striatus ssp. striatus is native to Cuba and parts of Central America. Hibiscus striatus is closely related to the South American Hibiscus cisplatinus.

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Reference: Taxonomic Relationship of Hibiscus cubensis, H. cisplatinus and H. lambertianus: Hibiscus cubensis Rich., H. cisplatinus St.-Hil and H. lambertianus H.B.K. have been placed by Hochreutiner (1900) in section Trionum of the genus. The three are extremely similar morphologically and all have a chromosome number of n = 26 (MenzeI, unpublished; Wise, unpublished). Vouchers numbers 459, 441, 442, and 448 are filed (FSU).

H. cisplatinus and H. lambertianus from Argentina, and H. cubensis from Calhoun Co., Texas, were hybridized by the authors. The Texas population is probably an introduction, since it is the only known location of H. cubensis in North America. It normally occurs in Cuba. A total of 7 out of 42 cross-pollinations between H. cubensis and H. cisplatinus set seed. 26 crosses between H. lambertianus and H. cisplatinus gave 3 hybrid capsules and 7 cross-pollinations out of a total 29 between H. lambertianus and H. cubensis were successful.

Hybrids among these three strains were fertile and produced fertile F2 progeny when selfed. 26 pairs of chromosomes were seen in each of the three possible F1 combinations. The F2 progenies were morphologically very homogeneous. No hybrids out of a total of 355 cross-pollinations were obtained between these three plants and 9 other members of sect. Trionum.

Because of the small amount of genetic differentiation among these three plants, it is suggested that they should be regarded as subspecies. In this event, the name Hibiscus lambertianus would have priority.

   WISE, D. A. 1970 - Unpublished Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Florida.
   D. A. WISE and M. Y. MENZEL Florida State University

Hibiscus syriacus

Hibiscus syriacus 'Aphrodite'

Hibiscus syriacus | Rose of Sharon, Shrub Althaea, 무궁화 (Mugung-hwa), 木槿 (Mu Jin)

Hibiscus syriacus has been an American garden favorite for centuries. The third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson grew the Rose of Sharon in his gardens at Monticello. In fact, Rose of Sharon was one of the most popular shrubs in America up through the 1950s. More recently, the development of newer cultivars has revived its popularity. Despite its name, Hibiscus syriacus is endemic to parts of China and Korea, not Syria. It was dubbed syriacus back at a time when it was first brought to Europe and plants were mistakenly believed to have originated in Syria. In Asia, Hibiscus syriacus was cultivated from an early time, and was eventually distributed to the Middle East via trade routes which contributed to the nomenclature confusion.

Rose-of-Sharon is equally at home in formal or informal gardens, valued as a garden accent for its profuse flower display and strong upright growth habit. It will naturally grow into a ‘V’ shape, but with a little training, Rose-of-Sharon makes an excellent single-trunked standard. Hundreds of cultivars are presently available worldwide, with single, semi-double, and double types of flowers in a dazzling array of colors. The photo above, 'Aphrodite', is a hybrid of two earlier cultivars, H. syriacus 'Sokobeni-yae' x 'William R. Smith'. One of the unusual traits of Hibiscus syriacus is the “blue” flower color (more like violet to lavender) found in some cultivars. Some have conjectured that this color trait was eventually bred into the lavender to purple Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars found today, but recent studies squelch this theory, stating that Hibiscus syriacus is too distantly related to, and sexually incompatible with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis*. Whatever the case may be, it is still somewhat of a mystery as to how this relatively recent color trait first appeared in modern Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars.

Hibiscus syriacus along with Hibiscus paramutabilis and Hibiscus sinosyriacus form a group of 3 closely related hardy Hibiscus species (from section Hibiscus) that are indigenous to China. According to one source, Hibiscus sinosyriacus appears to be genetically closer to Hibiscus syriacus than Hibiscus paramutabilis*.

*An AFLP-based assessment of the genetic diversity within Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and its place within the Hibiscus genus complex Luca Braglia et al

EARLY HISTORY: Hibiscus syriacus is the national flower of Korea, and is even mentioned in the national anthem. The Korean name 무궁화 (Mugung-hwa) is derived from the word mugung, which means endlessness or immortality, and hwa which means flower. Mugung-hwa symbolizes a flower that blooms forever without fading. One of the first historical records of the Rose of Sharon in Korea is mentioned in an article from over 1,400 years ago. SanHaeKyung (산해경), an ancient Chinese geographical text, calls Korea "The Land of wisemen where the Mugung-hwa grows plentifully".

USES: Sturtevant notes 'In China, the leaves are sometimes made into tea or eaten when young'. Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of The World (1919, New York Agricultural Experiment Station). Edward Lewis Sturtevant (1842-1898) was a farmer, botanist, physician and author. His notes were edited after his death and published in 1919 by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Historical Reference: SHRUBBY SYRIAN MALLOW. Hibiscus syriacus. This shrub is better known among gardeners and nurserymen by its old name of Althsea Frutex. French, ketmie; Italian, chetmia. This elegant shrub grows six or seven feet high, with many branches. The leaves are large, deeply cut into several divisions, of a cheerful green, and delicate texture. In August appear the flowers, which are mallow-shaped, large, and numerous. There are several varieties, differing in the colour of their flowers; one has white flowers, with a purple centre; another has yellow; some have several shades of purple, with white, and a black centre; some of rose colour and white, with a purple centre; and others are finely variegated with all these colours. In mild seasons, there is a succession of flowers till near the end of September.

This shrub is singularly beautiful; it is a native of Syria; is much cultivated in Cochin China; and, for hedges, in Japan. According to Parkinson, it was cultivated in England in 1529; and Martyn observes, that it was probably a new shrub at that time, as he sets it down as tender, to be kept in a large tub or pot, in the house or a warm cellar. Gerarde, in 1597, speaks of it as a stranger in England; adding, that he has sown the seeds in his garden, and is expecting their success.

   Sylvan Sketches
   or A Companion to the Park and the Shrubbery;
   by Elizabeth Kent, 1825

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae

Hibiscus waimeae  | Miniature Hawaiian White Hibiscus, Koki‘o Ke‘oke‘o, White Kauai Rosemallow

There are two white flowered Hibiscus species native to Hawaii; Hibiscus arnottianus and Hibiscus waimeae. Both species (and respective subspecies) are known locally as koki‘o ke‘oke‘o and are among the few members of the genus with fragrant flowers. The rosa-sinensis hybrids that have these species in their ancestry will sometimes retain the fragrance to one degree or another.

Hibiscus waimeae is a small, gray-barked tree up to 9m tall, found on Kaua‘i in somewhat drier forests around Waimea Canyon and nearby valleys. The upper surface of the leaves is light green while the lower surface is covered with fine hair which makes it appear grayer. The single flowers last only a day. They are white upon opening in the morning and fade to pink by the afternoon. The staminal column is pink to crimson.

There are two subspecies of Hibiscus waimeae.

ssp.hannerae

has larger leaves and smaller flowers (about 5cm). This subspecies is rare and occurs only in Kaua'i's northwestern valleys of Hanakapi'ai, Limahuli, and Kalihi. Reverend John Mortimer Lydgate collected Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae on Kauai in 1913, and more than 60 years passed before it was collected again, in 1978, by Perlman. Otto and Isa Degener named Lydgate’s collection as a variety of H. waimeae in honor of Mrs. Ruth Knudsen Hanner, a supporter of their work on Kauai (Degener and Degener 1962). David M. Bates, the author of the current treatment of the Hawaiian members of the family, elevated the plant to subspecies rank (Bates 1989, 1990).

ssp. waimeae has larger flowers and is found from Waimea Canyon to the western and southwestern ocean-facing valleys of Kaua'i at elevations of 2,000 to 3,000 feet.

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Reference: Hibiscus waimeae ssp hannerae, native to the wet windward valleys of Kaua'i, was thought to be extinct. It had been last seen in the 1920’s in Wainiha Valley, in an area that was now completely overgrown with alien plants. In 1977, Chipper Wichman and Steve Perlman found some plants of this extremely rare Hawaiian Hibiscus at the base of a waterfall in a remote valley in the Limahuli Preserve on Kaua'i. We took a specimen to Dr. Harold St. John at the bishop Museum and verified it’s identity. We were all estatic to find that this wonderful miniature white Hibiscus, with it’s dark pink staminal column and light fragrance, still exixts in Hawaii.

   Growing Native Hawaiian Plants: A How-to Guide for the Gardener
   By Heidi Leianuenue Bornhorst
   Published by Bess Press, 2005

Abutilon 'Marianne'

Abutilon 'Marianne' | Flowering Maple, Chinese Lantern

The genus Abutilon has about 200 species: mostly in tropics and subtropics. The most common Flowering Maples (hybrids known as Abutilon hybridum) are derived from crosses between several South American species. 'Marianne' is an improved, more diminutive megapotanicum type with bicolored yellow and red flowers.

Abutilon 'Nabob'

Abutilon 'Nabob' | Red Flowering Maple, Giant Red Chinese Lantern

This floriferous abutilon is the result of hybridizing two Brazilian species of Abutilon (A. darwinii and A. striatum). This is a fast growing upright plant up to 2-3m (8-10 ft), but can be keep smaller by pruning. It has large very dark green foliage and produces 7.5cm (3 in) wide bell shaped flowers that are a deep crimson color. As with other Abutilon, beware of pest problems, such as white fly, and trim out lanky stems and tip back plants in the spring to keep manageable. This is a good plant for attracting hummingbirds. Abutilon 'Nabob' received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993.

Abutilon grandifolium

Abutilon grandifolium | Golden Flowered Hairy Abutilon, Hairy Indian Mallow, Hairy Abutilon, Tall Abutilon

Sometimes referred to as Abutilon mollissimum, Hairy Indian Mallow is a large shrub about 2m high with broad, 1-6 cm leave, and bright yellow to orange flowers. Although native to South America (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina), this species has naturalized in both eastern and Western Australia (south-eastern Queensland, southern New South Wales and in south-western Western Australia near Perth). It has also naturalized on Norfolk Island and on some Pacific islands including Niue, French Polynesia and Hawaii. Additional common names are Ma‘o (Hawaiian) and Punehu (Tuhuata - Tuhuata Island).

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Historical Reference: Abutilon A Grandes Feuilles. —Abutilon grandifolium —Sida grandifolia. Feuilles cordiformes-arrondies, ou cordiformes-ovales, acuminées, doublement cre'nele'es , veloutées, blanchâtres en dessous. Petit arbre haut d'une dixaiue de pieds ou plus. Pétiole aussi long que la lame. Sépales ovales, cotonneux. Cette espèce, remarquable par son heau feuillage et 1rs longs poils dont ses rameaux sont Jiérissc's, est indigène au Pe'rou. On la cultive en serre temperee, où elle fleurit pendant une grande partie de l'anne'e.

Translation: Big-leaf Velvetleaf —Abutilon grandifolium —Sida grandifolia. Leaves rounded-cordate or cordate-oval, acuminate, doubly crenate, velvety, whitish underneath. A small tree up to 10 feet or more. Leafstalk as long as the blade. Sepals oval, woolly. This species is remarkable for its foliage and its long hairs which its branches are covered, is native to Peru. It is cultivated in temperate greenhouses where it thrives for much of the year.

   Histoire naturelle des végétaux: Phanérogames
   By Édouard Spach, Georges-Louis Leclerc Buffon
   Published by Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, 1834

Abutilon palmeri

Abutilon palmeri | Palmer's Abutilon, Palmer’s Indian Mallow, Superstition Mallow

Abutilon palmeri is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, found in arid climates growing on rocky, dry slopes. This is not your average Abutilon ―the plant is remarkable for its velvety, heart-shaped leaves with a blue-gray cast. Flowers abundantly spring through summer, producing a dazzling display of bright golden-orange colored flowers. Abutilon palmeri tolerates reflected heat, and some supplemental summer watering in well drained soil, but dislikes cold soggy soil during winter. Named after Dr. Edward Palmer, an American naturalist who made extensive collections of plants from California & Baja California. He collected mainly along the coast and nearby islands.

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Historical Reference: Abutilon palmeri, a form of this species growing very luxuriantly on a portion of Santa Margarita Island where all the vegetation was rank. Leaves very long, on petioles very much longer than the pedicels: earliest flowers solitary in the axils, the lower jointed above the middle, the upper near the base. The axillary buds that are usually dormant in this species are, in these specimens, developed into long side branches, giving a very different appearance to the inflorescence. Seeds as in type specimens with which they were compared, appear under the lens to be roughened with white curved bristles arising from reddish papillae.

Volume 2 of Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences
California Academy of Sciences
The Academy, 1890

Abutilon sachetianum

Abutilon sachetianum

Abutilon sachetianum is a shrub or small tree up to 8m tall. It is only found in the Marquesas (French Polynesia) and is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This species is found in small populations on the islands of Eiao, Hatutaa, Hiva Oa, Mohotani and Nuku Hiva, however subpopulations on Eiao and Hatutaa are in a notably critical state.

The flowers are described by collectors as “pendent” and vary in color from orange to yellow. The large oval leaves are typically 9-15cm across and 10-17cm long.

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Historical Reference: The Abutilon sachetianum Group
Three hitherto undescribed species of Abutilon in southeastern Polynesia and one in Samoa seem to form a closely related group, very distinct from anything else known from the Pacific. One of them, here christened Abutilon sachetianum, is represented by excellent material and is very fully described. It is very rare but still exists on at least two of the Marquesas Islands, Hivaoa and Mohotani. Two of the others were collected on the Mangarevan Expedition in 1934, and were even then almost extinct. They are very likely extinct now, but I am describing them, even from inadequate material, with the hope that their publication may stimulate efforts to relocate them, and to bring about their protection, as well as to place on record our knowledge of them. The Samoan species, A. whistleri, was found by Christophersen in 1931 but lay undescribed until Art Whistler recently discovered its flowers.

It is not possible to characterize the group adequately since two of the species are too poorly known. Calyces in the group are similar, large, hemispherical or broadly campanulate with ovate or triangular lobes, and with pedicels jointed near the summit. Abutilon sachetianum and A. mangarevicum have subulate processes or spines on the fruit. The fruit of A. whistleri is muticous and densely hirsute. The fruit of A. pitcairnense is unknown. Their general similarity in appearance, with their flowers on axillary racemes or branchlets, as well as their geographical occurrence, seem close enough to justify tentatively associating them.

   Polynesian Plant Studies 6- 18
   F. Raymond Fosberg, 1981
   9. Abutilon in Southeastern Polynesia and Samoa

Abutilon vitifolium album

Abutilon vitifolium album | Vine-leaved Abutilon, Indian Mallow

Beautiful white flowers borne in profusion grace this tall, fast-growing shrub from Chile. Abutilon vitifolium album is a vigorous shrub growing to about 3.5cm tall. It bears white flowers (sometimes pink-tinged when young) in spring, whereas the species Abutilon vitifolium usually has lavender flowers. In warmer climates, this plant prefers dry shade, so I grow it under the protective canopy of a large tree. 

Warning: the stems are covered with tiny bristly fibers that can be a source of irritation to skin and eyes. Handle with care, especially while pruning. Avoid pruning in windy weather ―the fibers are easily blown.

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Historical Reference:June 30, 1957. A shrub which has given me great delight over at least four weeks of flowering is Abutilon vitifolium, but before praising it let me list its drawbacks, always the more prudent method. First, it is not a plant for harsh climates. Given a sheltered angle between walls or hedges, it will survive a reasonable winter in the southern and, of course, the southwestern counties, but would not like being planted in the open in some bleak spot of the Midlands or East Anglia. Second, it is not very long-lived, and may die abruptly, leaving a painful blank. Third ―no, there seems no third objection to set against it, so now I can come on to the praise.

As its adjectival name suggests, it has a vine-like leaf, of a pale greenish-grey, thickly clothed in May and June with five-petalled flowers either of pale lavender, the colour of Parma violets, or a pure white with golden anthers. You must decide for yourselves, which you prefer, the mauve or the white. Having a predilection for white flowers I gave my heart to the white, a ghostly apparition seen by moonlight. The flowers are rather like a single hollyhock, which is comprehensible since the abutilon belongs to the malvaceae or mallows, but it also suggests a resemblance to the tall Japanese anemone, if you can imagine a Japanese anemone deciding to turn itself into a shrub.

It will grow 10ft. high or more, quite quickly; and although it has this unfortunate habit of suddenly dying, it can easily be kept going by its own seeds which it produces in the usual squandering quantities Nature thinks necessary. A few seeds sown in a pot should supply enough young plants to replace their grandmothers. Seeds may come true, but one has to take the chance of getting the mauve or the white form, always rather an exciting experiment to see what one is going to get.

Abutilon vitifolium comes from Chile and was first introduced into Ireland in 1836, so it has been quite a long time in our gardens. A lovely cool-looking shrub for the spring months or early summer, I would recommend it every time. I think it ought to be well placed, against a dark background if possible, say a dark hedge to show up the pallor of the silvery leaf and the flower. A great deal depends on the right placing of any plant, as I always try to emphasize in all these articles.·

   Even More of Your Garden (In Your Garden)
   by V. Sackville-West

(Editor's Note: From 1946, the writer Vita Sackville-West wrote a gardening column for The Observer. These articles were later compiled to form a series of books, showing Vita's extensive gardening knowledge, her intense passion for the subject and her lively literary flair.)